Our Projects
NEW DIRECTIONS MAY EMERGE.
PHOSfate is a collaboration between Mohamed Sleiman Labat, an artist and writer born in the Sahrawi camps of southwest Algeria, and Pekka Niskanen, a media artist, filmmaker and researcher based in Helsinki.
The sandoponic garden made for Helsinki Biennial 2023 is part of the ongoing PHOSfate project, which addresses phosphorus and its impact on the Sahrawi, but also the environmental challenges, climate change and sea eutrophication caused by fertilizers. Phosphate mining is the reason the Sahrawis are losing their nomadic way of life. Meanwhile, fertilizers made of a phosphate rock in Western Sahara end up polluting the Baltic Sea, where they increase phosphorus fluxes, leading to oxygen depletion and death of marine life.
Sand surrounds the Sahrawi in huge quantities, yet it is not common to think of it as a source of food. The Sahrawis have begun using sand for organic farming. The Sandoponic garden is the most important new model for growing plants in a controlled sand environment that is designed to preserve as much water and biological nutrients in the desert as possible.
With sandoponic gardens, the Sahrawi are rethinking their relationship with sand as a medium for growing food. Inspired by the model developed in the camps, the gardens on Vallisaari Island are used for growing basil, coriander, carrots, potatoes, kale and lettuce, the same plants as those farmed in Sahrawi gardens.
Project Info:
Titles: PHOSfate Sandoponic Garden
Medium: Installation/Artistic Research
Where: Vallisaari Island, Helsinki, FI
When: 12 June – 17 September 2023
Curator: Joasia Krysa
Helsinki Biennial is curated by Joasia Krysa and produced by HAM Helsinki Art Museum. For New Directions May Emerge, Krysa has joined forces with five curatorial collaborators: Critical Environmental Data, Museum of Impossible Forms, TBA21-Academy, ViCCA @ Aalto Arts, and an A.I. Entity. Read more about HB23 here: https://helsinkibiennaali.fi/en/
Pekka Niskanen & Mohamed Sleiman Labat
Scroll through gallery and read through the text!
Two artists from two different backgrounds and contexts meet
up for a casual conversation one day and end up with an idea for an artistic
research project connecting two different aspects of one story affecting their
lives: phosphate.
Pekka Niskanen is a Finnish doctor of fine arts, a
media artist and a video- and filmmaker. Mohamed Sleiman Labat is a poet
and visual artist living and working in the Sahrawi refugee camps in the Hamada
Desert. Over the course of one year of communication between Niskanen in
Helsinki and Sleiman Labat in the desert, the artists started to develop the
project. Both are keen conversationalists, heavily influenced by their
surroundings and respective contexts. Sleiman Labat, for example, comes from a
nomadic community where the oral tradition and spoken poetry have strong
presence in everyday life.
The artists received a grant from Kone Foundation to the
develop a project in the form of an artist residency, which allowed Sleiman
Labat to come to Finland to work closely with Niskanen for four months. The
project deals with phosphate and its effects on two vastly different
environments: the Baltic Sea and Western Sahara. It explores the various layers
of the issue through a number of artistic practices, drawing from Socially
Engaged Arts, artistic research and field experience to gather information.
The Sahrawi tribal nomadic community inhabits Western
Sahara, which is a major source of phosphate. In 1975 Morocco took control of
the region, including its vital phosphate mines and coastline, thus launching a
16-year war between Morocco and the Sahrawi. Morocco built a 2,700-kilometre
wall around the phosphate mines and other economically crucial areas; the wall
was fortified with seven million antipersonnel landmines. Thousands of Sahrawi
families were forced to escape and seek refuge in neighbouring Algeria. The
wall and its landmines prevent the nomadic Sahrawi community from moving freely
across the desert as they have done for millennia, and it has divided the land
and its people, with many members caught on both sides of the wall, unable to
reunite.
During the war, the Sahrawi settled in camps near Tindouf,
Algeria. Sleiman Labat’s parents met in these camps, and that’s where he was
born; he still lives and works there. A new generation is being born in the
camps with little connection to their homeland and roots. However, Sleiman
Labat and many other youths have gone to schools and universities and returned
to the camps to support the community. Initiatives within the camps, spanning
from arts and culture to engineering and family gardens, are changing life in
the camps for the better.
Phosphate from Western Sahara has ended up in the Baltic
Sea: various past shipments have made their way to Lithuania, Norway and
Russia, but most of the Western Sahara phosphate is now shipped to North
America, Australia, New Zealand and India. These mass phosphate extractions and
exports are done without the consent of the Sahrawi people, the indigenous
people of the Western Sahara. Furthermore, it prolongs the displacement of the
Saharawi, now living in the refugee camps far from their homeland.
The processing of phosphate for fertilizers to be used by
the farms in the Baltic Region as led to eutrophication of ocean waters, initiated
when phosphorus reaches the sea in great amounts. As a result of both the
pollution and climate change, blue algae has formed on the surface in recent
years.
Sleiman Labat and Niskanen are using the residency to
develop their art practice through a number of activities. They meet almost
every day to discuss and develop a research paper they aim to submit in early
October; the paper is one of a three they hope to write, and the current work
in progress addresses the current lives of and situation the Saharawi face in
the Hamada desert, as well as the need for a new narrative: What
practices—social, artistic and ecological—are taking place in the camps? How
much is the intergenerational dialogue affecting the Saharawi community’s
identity and the cultural practices of its past and present—and even its
future?
The articles we are authoring will address phosphate and its
effects on the Baltic Sea and the desert. Among other question to address are,
“How much of the phosphate is coming from the desert, and how ethical is modern
food production?”
Sleiman Labat brought a nomadic tent from the Hamada desert,
designed and hand-sewn by the women in the Samara camp. The tent serves as a
space to interact with people from time to time. It’s somewhat challenging to
adapt a Sahrawi tent to the Helsinki weather, however: it hardly rains in the
desert, so that’s not much of a concern back home, but it is here. Sleiman
Labat and Niskanen experimented with the tent at different events, using it as
a moving sculpture and a space for people to discuss and share stories and
poems as well as to simply experience the tent, a typical home of Sleiman Labat
and his people. A Sahrawi tea ceremony, performed at different times in the
tent, allowed people to witness the pace and rhythm of desert life. The
discussion it creates has enriched the research, making the tent and tea
ceremony effective tools for engaging people in discussion to and invite
interaction around topics related to phosphate, food, the Baltic Sea and the
desert.
The researchers reached out to different institutions and
organization from the Finnish art and scientific community for collaboration,
and a series of meetings, presentations and activities took place 19–20 August,
together with eight other artists and researchers. Sleiman Labat and Niskanen
joined BioArt Society for a micro residency, sailing on the catamaran Godzilla
as a floating research platform. It was the first time Sleiman Labat had ever
sailed. The micro residency was also an opportunity to film and record under
water, a unique opportunity to gather material for a future video art
installation.
Meeting with the environmental institutions and
organizations was an excellent opportunity to merge different disciplines of
art and research. Scientists from Finnish environmental institute SYKE talked
about dead zones at the bottom of the Baltic Sea—a desert under water. Sleiman
Labat could not help but think about the poetics of the juxtaposition: a sea
whose bottom is turning into a desert, and a desert deprived of its own
phosphate yet blooming with thousands of family gardens planted by a community
that never settled down to farm.
PhosFATE seeks to unfold the story of this precious mineral
through such interconnected layers, evoking understanding of ecological
practices, social change through community efforts, world politics and
economics, the very food on our tables, and the everyday stories we tell.
AUTHORS
MOHAMED SLEIMAN LABAT & PEKKA NISKANEN
Te Tuhi’s Project Wall features the pairing of projects by Matthew Galloway and Mohamed Sleiman Labat. In different ways, Endless and Desert Strawberries both shed light on Aotearoa’s reliance on phosphate rock from occupied Western Sahara.
From his house on Otago Harbour in Ōtepoti Dunedin, Galloway sees the same view every evening. Across the water, a plume of smoke rises from the chimney of the Ravensdown Factory as the sun sets. This factory processes phosphate rock into the fertiliser used to make our agriculture industry more productive. However, in order to make this crucial product, Aotearoa is currently reliant on imports of phosphate rock from occupied Western Sahara. By purchasing this rock, we are helping fund Morocco’s brutal occupation of this territory, where those indigenous to Western Sahara are either heavily persecuted within the occupied zone, or live in Algerian refugee camps.
Endless seeks to recreate Galloway’s evening view. Semi-opaque flags are hung over the windows, transforming the transitional space of Te Tuhi’s foyer into a state of permanent dusk, while a looped video shows the chimney stack in a state of endless production. But in this instance the chimney appears again, this time reflected on a second screen. A divergence is created, as the smoke and many gulls gliding on the wind shoot in opposite directions.
Additionally, Galloway has worked with Mohamed Sleiman Labat—a visual artist and poet based in the Sahrawi Refugee Camps—to adapt elements of his film Desert Strawberries into a sound work that fills the Te Tuhi foyer. This work features a recording of Sleiman Labat’s father speaking in Hassanya, dispersing memories of nomadic life in Western Sahara before the Moroccan invasion (1975) amongst contemporary descriptions of the ‘family gardens’ now being grown in the Sahrawi Refugee camps where they live. These gardens are the initiative of Mohamed’s generation, many of whom have studied abroad and returned with new knowledge and techniques, enabling the establishment of vegetable gardens in the arid conditions of the camps. These gardens are giving Sahrawi more agency over food production, and lessening their reliance on food provided through humanitarian aid.
Sleiman Labat and Galloway first met in the Sahrawi Refugee Camps in 2016, and have had an ongoing correspondence in the years since. The chance to present Endless and Desert Strawberries together aims to deepen the dialogue between their respective practices, while also pointing to the entangled nature of their stories. Two forms of food production are presented here, one operating on a global, industrial scale; the other familial and intimate. Together, the state of false permanence at play in this installation aims to question whether our current systems of trade, production and economics—which operate at the cost of the basic human rights of others—are truly inevitable.
Desert Strawberries
The desert is big and vast.
And when you see it.
You think there is nothing in it.
It’s just sand and rocks.
But there is life in the desert.
The Sahrawi people were nomads before colonisation. If one is only used to movement and travelling like us, settling down is not easily done. Sometimes, back in Western Sahara, we would grow wheat after rainfall. But the life of the Sahrawi has always been dominated by goat and camel hearding. We’ve never grown vegetables or fruits, we never even knew about them. Our food came from the cattle we raised, we drank its milk and ate its meat, and we didn’t have any problems.
When we came to the Refugee Camps, we started to eat the food distributed to us through humanitarian aid. Much of this food was very foreign to us, we only became aware of it here in the camps.
Over the last few years some of our youth who have received education have begun to grow different kinds of vegetables. They started to feed their families, and showed others how to start a garden. Family gardens utilise any small pieces of land belonging to a family where they can grow vegetables and eat what they produce. They grow what they can, the gardens are nearby the family. Now people can see something green close to them, and enjoy its taste, and its smell.
In this harsh environment, with the everyday challenges of the Hamada Desert, family gardens can lessen the difficulties faced, creating something beautiful in a harsh environment. People solve their problems using what they can find. Every piece of metal, every stick and rope can support, fasten or hold something. People try to protect their gardens with anything they can.
In the Hamada Desert, people managed to grow tomatoes, onion and pepper, lettuce and cucumber, coriander and mint, basil and fig, and many other fruits we were not aware of before. In Hassanya, we call plants Rebiy, from the word for Spring, perhaps because we used to see a lot of plants when Spring comes. The small green spots in the gardens remind us of the wild plants, and bring back their colours and smells.
There are many challenges and difficulties that make farming difficult in the Refugee Camps; the sun is hot, and the hot wind can burn the plants. But the biggest problem is water scarcity—water is very limited in the Camps, it is distributed by shares amongst the families. In summer, nobody can grow anything, it’s too hot, people just try to survive. People learnt many solutions in the family gardens—dripping irrigation and hydroponics with water scarcity—green houses and shade houses provide shelter for the plants, and animal manure makes good fertiliser, providing the soil with enough organic matter. Family gardens are teaching us many things we didn’t know about. People now talk about soil and seeds; farming seasons, irrigation methods, and ways to protect plants from the elements in such difficult conditions.
The canned food distributed through humanitarian aid here over so many years has caused anaemia and other health issues. Therefore, an alternative has to be thought about in order to improve the food in the Camps. People’s diet has been improving, thanks to the vegetables complementing the meals. It feels really good to eat what you have grown with your own hands—it gives plants a special taste and smell, and you feel you have made something important; you’ve contributed to the growth of people, plants and the soil.
The desert is not just some brown sand; sand particles travel across the seas and oceans. When you see it, it simply looks like some dust falling on plants. But that brown dust is the secret to the greenery. We don’t know how it works, but they say the dust carries phosphorus particles, and it fertilises the forests and plains where it falls. Everything has a role in this life, no matter how small and dusty, even when it feels frustrating at times like this brown sand and the dust particles. It is an important role; one that the trees in the forest are waiting for, as well as the green plains.
They say the desert used to be green in the past.
A green desert now may seem like a mirage.
But it will grow green gradually.
“Drop by drop, the river runs” as the Sahrawi say.
When you sit down next to a plant, it looks motionless and still.
But come back later and you’ll find it bigger.
So, plants also move, they just move slowly, and grow in silence.
Plants are also nomads, they travel upwardly.
Motion and stillness are indeed part of life’s great secrets.
About the artists:
Matthew Galloway
Matthew Galloway lives and works in Ōtepoti Dunedin. His research-based practice employs the tools and methodologies of design in an editorial way, and often within a gallery context. This way of working emphasises design and publishing as an inherently political exercise and involves an interdisciplinary approach to producing publications and art objects.
Mohamed Sleiman Labat
Mohamed Sleiman Labat is a Sahrawi visual artist and a poet based in the Sahrawi refugee camps in Algerian territory. He was born and raised in these camps. In 2016, after graduating from Batna University, Algeria with a degree in English literature, Sleiman Labat went back to his community. As well as having a rich, multidisciplinary practice that spans visual art, photography, poetry and translation, Sleiman Labat has built a multipurpose community and artist studio space called Motif Art Studio in the Samara camp. The studio itself is built from discarded materials that Sleiman Labat has collected.